因印尼当年跟中国“走太近”,英国政府煽动排华大屠杀

因印尼当年跟中国“走太近”,英国政府煽动排华大屠杀

胞波网
中文来源:环球时报新媒体
英文来源:英国《卫报》

 

据英国《卫报》23日报道,解密文件揭示了英国在20世纪战后最残酷的大屠杀之一中所扮演的角色,一些令人震惊的新细节浮出了水面。

因印尼当年跟中国“走太近”,英国政府煽动排华大屠杀

英国国家档案馆最新公布的文件显示,英国外交部的专家曾向印尼的反共运动领导人发送了数百份煽动性的小册子,教唆他们杀害时任外交部长苏班德里约,并宣扬称印尼华裔遭受暴力是“他们应得的”。

印尼在1965至1966年间发生排华大屠杀,至少造成50万人丧生,是20世纪最严重的大屠杀之一。

《卫报》指出,当时的英国希望印尼军队和民兵推翻该国民选总统苏加诺的政府,理由是认为他和时任外长苏班德里约与中国“走得太近”。

因印尼当年跟中国“走太近”,英国政府煽动排华大屠杀

报道称,1965年印尼发生军事政变,倾向西方的印尼陆军战略后备部队司令苏哈托随即控制了印尼军队,并在全国策动了排华大屠杀。在接下来的几个月里,苏哈托取代了境况不佳的苏加诺。他于1967年就任代理总统,次年又被任命为总统。苏哈托正式就任总统后获得美国支持,在印尼实施20多年独裁统治,直到1998年下台。

去年10月,英国《观察家报》揭露了英国官员如何在20世纪60年代秘密部署黑色宣传,煽动印尼知名人士“切除”所谓的“共产主义癌症”。事实上,这些宣传材料是由英国外交部心理战专家在新加坡一间舒适的小木屋里与军情六处合作撰写的。但五十多年来,英国外交部一直否认与这场排华大屠杀有任何牵连。

苏特仁(Soe Tjen Marching)是伦敦大学亚非学院的讲师,她的父亲曾被印尼军方迫害并遭到监禁。她表示,1965年针对华人的行动,“在很大程度上导致了印尼华人和非华人之间的猜疑和歧视。因此,英国政府迫切需要道歉。”

“塔波尔”的史蒂夫•奥尔斯顿(Steve Alston)表示,他的组织“对英国政府参与一场煽动暴力的造谣运动感到震惊”。“塔波尔”是监督印尼人权问题的非政府组织。奥尔斯顿指出:“面对这些证据,英国政府现在必须承诺,由独立检察官对此发起一项调查,并在18个月内完成。”

英文来源:

UK’s propaganda leaflets inspired 1960s massacre of Indonesian communists Pamphlets attacked the president and foreign minister

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/23/uks-propaganda-leaflets-inspired-1960s-massacre-of-indonesian-communists

An anti-communist mob attacks the Res Publica University in Jakarta, Indonesia, 12 October 1965. The university was perceived to have communist ties. Photograph: Bettmann
Paul Lashmar, Nicholas Gilby and James Oliver
Sun 23 Jan 2022 04.15 EST

Shocking new details have emerged of Britain’s role in one of the most brutal massacres of the postwar 20th century.

Last year the Observer revealed how British officials secretly deployed black propaganda in the 1960s to incite prominent Indonesians to “cut out” the “communist cancer”.

It is estimated that at least 500,000 people linked to the Indonesia communist party (PKI) were eliminated between 1965 and 1966.

Documents newly released in the National Archives show how propaganda specialists from the Foreign Office sent hundreds of inflammatory pamphlets to leading anti-communists in Indonesia, inciting them to kill the foreign minister Dr Subandrio and claiming that ethnic Chinese Indonesians deserved the violence meted out to them.

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The British wanted the Indonesian army and militias to overthrow elected president Sukarno’s government. He and Subandrio were considered to be too close to the PKI and communist China, and Britain wanted to end Confrontation, the low-level military and political campaign launched by Sukarno and Subandrio against the Malaysian Federation.

The newly discovered pamphlets, dating from the mid-1960s, targeted the leftwing foreign minister, repeatedly challenging the anti-communists to kill Subandrio, describing him as Sukarno’s pet “cockerel”. The propagandists reserved special venom for Subandrio. “The Army has only pulled out a few of the cockerel’s many feathers, they haven’t even clipped its wings,” the pamphlets complained. The bird needed its “neck wrung; and the whole of Indonesia will rejoice”.

Hundreds of pamphlets were also sent to Muslim anti-communists, claiming agents of communist China would take over Indonesia. Following an abortive coup in which six generals were kidnapped and murdered, which the army blamed on the communists, “it was inevitable” that “many innocent Chinese would suffer in consequence”, one covert British pamphlet claimed. “We may deplore the unbridled fury” unleashed on Indonesia’s Chinese, but “we realise that for the most part they only have themselves to blame”.

The British also wrote the script for a ghoulish radio broadcast, purportedly from the dead generals whose bodies had been dumped in a well. “Worms may feed upon our rotting flesh,” cried the dead generals “but our voices have become the voices of the Nation’s conscience.” “Oh Subandrio!” they shrieked, “Do you not think that a hangman’s rope is too easy a way out for such a man as you?”

Immediately after the coup attempt, General Suharto took control of the Indonesian army and oversaw the massacres of the anti-communist purge. Over the next months, the rightwing, pro-west Suharto usurped the ailing Sukarno. He was appointed acting president in 1967 and then president the following year. His dictatorship lasted for 32 years.

Lenah Susianty, whose father was arrested and detained in the crackdown said: “The whole Chinese community in Sukabumi bore the brunt for a long time.” Susianty, who is now on the board of the Indonesian human rights organisation Tapol, added: “They were afraid to say anything and had to silently bear extortion, harassment and other ill-treatment from others in the society. They were an easy target because they were considered as ‘communists’.”

Sukarno first president of Indonesia.
Sukarno, the first president of Indonesia. Photograph: Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group/Getty Images
Soe Tjen Marching’s father was also tortured and imprisoned for two-and-a-half years because the military suspected him of being a member of the PKI. Now a lecturer at Soas University of London, she says that the targeting of the Chinese community in 1965 had “a huge part in sustaining suspicion as well as discrimination between Chinese and non-Chinese in Indonesia. It is therefore urgent for the British government to apologise”.

In October the Observer revealed the first hard evidence that British officials secretly deployed black propaganda in the 1960s. The material purported to come from exiled nationalist Indonesians. In fact it was written by Foreign Office psychological warfare experts working from a comfortable chalet in Singapore in cooperation with MI6. For five decades the Foreign Office has denied any involvement in the murders.

As the massacres started in October 1965, British pamphlets called for “the PKI and all communist organisations” to “be eliminated”. The nation, they warned, would be in danger “as long as the communist leaders are at large, and their rank and file are allowed to go unpunished”.

At least 500,000 people were massacred, and some estimates go as high as three million. These included ethnic Chinese, many who were killed by Muslim and other militias.

Steve Alston of Tapol yesterday said his organisation was “appalled that the British government engaged in a disinformation campaign to incite violence”.

“In the face of such evidence, the British government must now commit to launching an inquiry by independent counsel to be completed within 18 months.”

本文转载自The Guardian,只做主题效果测试使用,本文观点不代表胞波网立场。

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